Indonesian Muslims should stay on alert
Opinion and Editorial, The Jakarta Post (January 26, 2007)
http://www.thejakartapost.com/detaileditorial.asp?fileid=20070126.F04&irec=3
Al Makin
Recent praise from charismatic Egyptian Muslim figure Yusuf Qardawi during his visit to Indonesia is reason enough to make us proud. The celebrated scholar is quite optimistic that the democracy in place in the country can set other Muslim countries a good example. This also proves that Islam does not contradict the values of democracy.
Qardawi is not alone in commenting on the unique nature and the tolerant culture of Indonesian Muslims. Modern Pakistani Muslim scholar Fazlur Rahman, a professor from Chicago University and McGill Canada University, has long shared this optimism. Anthropologist Clifford Geertz, who died just last year, was also of this opinion, saying Islam in Indonesia was marked with tolerance, harmony and even eclecticism. Another modern scholar like Bassam Tibi of Gvttingen University in Germany, also hails Indonesia's characteristic tolerant culture.
However, observing the recent developments involving Indonesian Muslims in politics, Qardawi's praise should not be taken for granted. Instead, it should be considered an alert, especially since Islamic radicalism is currently at a high, at least as far as the media coverage is concerned.
There are several reasons why Indonesian Muslims should not be complacent.
The most salient feature is the process of narrowing the interpretation of sharia. The term, which is generally accepted as meaning ethics or Muslim piety, has been recently hijacked by many local politicians. They have gone so far as to formalize sharia into a blatantly political tool. This rigid interpretation of sharia can be seen in the 23 regional ordinances recently passed by local authorities. How come the rich tradition of sharia as it is written in many works of literature is now understood as political regulations that restrict the role of women and enforce the wearing of the jilbab or veil. Indonesian Muslim scholars should remind the politicians that fiqh, or the guidelines for daily Islamic ritual, is only a small branch of sharia. It is imperative that communication is built between politicians and scholars, who were likely absent in the drafting process of the regulations.
The formalization of sharia will encourage the use of religion in the 2009 general election. Some political parties will compete with each other to offer more sharia-based regulations to voters, claiming to be more Islamic than the others. Indeed, the use of religion as political bargaining chip is cheaper and easier than formulating sophisticated ideas on how to fight poverty, corruption and injustice.
One of Indonesia's great Muslim thinkers, the late Nurcholish Madjid, coined a popular expression against the politicization of Islam: "Islam yes, Islamic party no!" Unfortunately, his moral lessons are now falling on deaf ears. Several politicians and ideologists believe Nurcholish's call is no longer valid in the reform era. Some of them even suspect Nurcholish of colluding with Soeharto's New Order regime. It seems that the clear-cut division of the world into "Muslims and infidels" has gradually overshadowed the progressive thoughts of Nurcholish. Second, the practice of polygamy by politicians and public figures is also big news. It is true that in most democratic countries sex scandals often accompany politics. However, the recent practice in Indonesia is being justified by certain interpretations of religious teachings.
Third, there are some internal problems facing moderate Islamic political parties. The National Awakening Party (PKB), whose voters are mainly NU members, is being riven by internal conflict between Muhaimin Iskandar's faction and that of Alwi Shihab. Although the dispute was settled in court, the two camps are unreconciled and this will weaken the party and endanger its preparations for the next general election.
Likewise, the National Mandate Party (PAN), which is associated with Muhammadiyah, has seen the departure of discontented young members, who have now established their own party that will also rely on support from Muhammadiyah.
If the PKB and PAN's potential voters are confused, where will they go? It stands to reason they will choose either the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) or the United Development Party (PPP), which both share an Islamist ideology.
Fourth, the political and educational campaigns of NU and Muhammadiyah are not as intensive as that of the tarbiyah, or educational, wing of the PKS. This is evident in the frequent activities the PKS has held involving public lectures and training programs. It would also be a mistake to blame President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's policy for this situation. His commitment to countering radicalism is quite clear. However, there is also the opinion that problem rests in his administration. Former president Abdurrahman Wahid, unlike SBY, used to promote more cultural interpretations of Islam. Perhaps because of his respect for Javanese culture and harmony, SBY seems indecisive when it comes to the formalization of sharia and is opting for a wait-and-see approach.
It is true the reform movement has brought in openness and freedom. These days, everyone can express their political and ideological choices. However, it should be kept in mind that we should not exercise freedom to threaten freedom. The country's history is proof enough that extremism -- from either the left or right -- creates nothing but more trouble and disorder.
The writer is a lecturer of at the Sunan Kalijaga Islamic University of Yogyakarta and doctoral candidate at the Seminar fur Sprachen und Kulturen des Vorderen Orients at the Heidelberg University in Germany. He can be reached at makin@stud.uni-heidelberg.de.
Al Makin
Recent praise from charismatic Egyptian Muslim figure Yusuf Qardawi during his visit to Indonesia is reason enough to make us proud. The celebrated scholar is quite optimistic that the democracy in place in the country can set other Muslim countries a good example. This also proves that Islam does not contradict the values of democracy.
Qardawi is not alone in commenting on the unique nature and the tolerant culture of Indonesian Muslims. Modern Pakistani Muslim scholar Fazlur Rahman, a professor from Chicago University and McGill Canada University, has long shared this optimism. Anthropologist Clifford Geertz, who died just last year, was also of this opinion, saying Islam in Indonesia was marked with tolerance, harmony and even eclecticism. Another modern scholar like Bassam Tibi of Gvttingen University in Germany, also hails Indonesia's characteristic tolerant culture.
However, observing the recent developments involving Indonesian Muslims in politics, Qardawi's praise should not be taken for granted. Instead, it should be considered an alert, especially since Islamic radicalism is currently at a high, at least as far as the media coverage is concerned.
There are several reasons why Indonesian Muslims should not be complacent.
The most salient feature is the process of narrowing the interpretation of sharia. The term, which is generally accepted as meaning ethics or Muslim piety, has been recently hijacked by many local politicians. They have gone so far as to formalize sharia into a blatantly political tool. This rigid interpretation of sharia can be seen in the 23 regional ordinances recently passed by local authorities. How come the rich tradition of sharia as it is written in many works of literature is now understood as political regulations that restrict the role of women and enforce the wearing of the jilbab or veil. Indonesian Muslim scholars should remind the politicians that fiqh, or the guidelines for daily Islamic ritual, is only a small branch of sharia. It is imperative that communication is built between politicians and scholars, who were likely absent in the drafting process of the regulations.
The formalization of sharia will encourage the use of religion in the 2009 general election. Some political parties will compete with each other to offer more sharia-based regulations to voters, claiming to be more Islamic than the others. Indeed, the use of religion as political bargaining chip is cheaper and easier than formulating sophisticated ideas on how to fight poverty, corruption and injustice.
One of Indonesia's great Muslim thinkers, the late Nurcholish Madjid, coined a popular expression against the politicization of Islam: "Islam yes, Islamic party no!" Unfortunately, his moral lessons are now falling on deaf ears. Several politicians and ideologists believe Nurcholish's call is no longer valid in the reform era. Some of them even suspect Nurcholish of colluding with Soeharto's New Order regime. It seems that the clear-cut division of the world into "Muslims and infidels" has gradually overshadowed the progressive thoughts of Nurcholish. Second, the practice of polygamy by politicians and public figures is also big news. It is true that in most democratic countries sex scandals often accompany politics. However, the recent practice in Indonesia is being justified by certain interpretations of religious teachings.
Third, there are some internal problems facing moderate Islamic political parties. The National Awakening Party (PKB), whose voters are mainly NU members, is being riven by internal conflict between Muhaimin Iskandar's faction and that of Alwi Shihab. Although the dispute was settled in court, the two camps are unreconciled and this will weaken the party and endanger its preparations for the next general election.
Likewise, the National Mandate Party (PAN), which is associated with Muhammadiyah, has seen the departure of discontented young members, who have now established their own party that will also rely on support from Muhammadiyah.
If the PKB and PAN's potential voters are confused, where will they go? It stands to reason they will choose either the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) or the United Development Party (PPP), which both share an Islamist ideology.
Fourth, the political and educational campaigns of NU and Muhammadiyah are not as intensive as that of the tarbiyah, or educational, wing of the PKS. This is evident in the frequent activities the PKS has held involving public lectures and training programs. It would also be a mistake to blame President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's policy for this situation. His commitment to countering radicalism is quite clear. However, there is also the opinion that problem rests in his administration. Former president Abdurrahman Wahid, unlike SBY, used to promote more cultural interpretations of Islam. Perhaps because of his respect for Javanese culture and harmony, SBY seems indecisive when it comes to the formalization of sharia and is opting for a wait-and-see approach.
It is true the reform movement has brought in openness and freedom. These days, everyone can express their political and ideological choices. However, it should be kept in mind that we should not exercise freedom to threaten freedom. The country's history is proof enough that extremism -- from either the left or right -- creates nothing but more trouble and disorder.
The writer is a lecturer of at the Sunan Kalijaga Islamic University of Yogyakarta and doctoral candidate at the Seminar fur Sprachen und Kulturen des Vorderen Orients at the Heidelberg University in Germany. He can be reached at makin@stud.uni-heidelberg.de.